ကမၻာ့ေအာ့ေၾကာလန္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္တသိုက္ကို လူမိုက္အားေပးနည္းနဲ႕ထိမ္းထားပီး ၾသဇာရွိေနေအာင္
အိေကာ္လိဖန္လုပ္ေနတာမို႕ အားလံုးရဲ႕အျမင္ကလဲ ဒီတရုတ္ကိုသိပ္ၾကည္တာမဟုတ္ဘူး။
တရုတ္အေနနဲ႕ကလည္း သူ႕စီးပြါးေရးအက်ိဳးအတြက္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ငမိုက္သားတသိုက္ကို “ႏုိင္ငံေရးအရေထာက္ခံ မႈ” မက္လံုးအႀကိဳက္ေပးပီး ကုန္းပိတ္ေဒသဖြင့္တာကအစ ပထ၀ီႏိုင္ငံေရးစိုးမိုးမႈအဆံုး သိမ္းႀကံဳးယူရ ေပအံုး မွာကိုး။
ဘယ္လို ဘယ္ေလာက္မၾကည္ၾကဘူးဆိုေပမဲ့ တရုတ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕စီးပြားေရးဟာ ၀ုန္းဒိုင္းက်ဲပီး တိုးတက္လာတာနဲ႔အတူ ကမၻာ့ထိပ္ေခါင္ ဆိုသူ အေမရိကန္ႀကီးေတာင္ ေပါက္ေဖၚ ေျခသလံုးႏွိပ္ေပးရမလို ဒူးဖက္ရမလိုျဖစ္ေနပီး အာရွထိပ္သီး က်ားႀကီးဂ်ပန္လဲ ယက္ကန္ ယက္ကန္ျဖစ္လို႔ မ်က္ျဖဴဆိုက္ေနၾကတဲ့ အျဖစ္ေရာက္ေနပါဘီ။
လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့အႏွစ္၃၀က တရုတ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ တိန္ေရွာင္ဖိန္ Deng Xiaoping ဖြင့္ခဲတဲ့တခါးတခ်ပ္က နဂါးတပိုင္းက်ားတပိုင္းသတၱ၀ါ တေကာင္ခုန္ထြက္လာတယ္ဆိုရေပမွာေပါ့။
အဲဒီေနရာမွာစဥ္းစားစရာရွိလာတာက တခါးခ်ပ္ရဲ႕ အတြင္းဖက္ပိုင္းကိုပါ။
တရုတ္ႏိုင္ငံမွာ ၿမိ့ဳႀကီးေတြ၊ ကမ္းရိုးတန္းေဒသေတြ ခ်မ္းသာၾကြယ္၀လာေပမဲ့ က်န္ေဒသအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာ
လူဦးေရသန္းရာနဲ႔ခ်ီၿပီးစုတ္ျပတ္သတ္ေနတဲ့ဲအေျခ အေနမွာရွိဆဲပါ။အာရွဘဏ္က ျပဳစုတဲ့ ကိန္းဂဏန္းအရ
၀င္ေငြညီမွ်မႈ မရွိတဲ့ (Gini coefficient)ဇယားမွာ တရုတ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ အခ်မ္းသာဆံုး လူဦး ေရ (၁၀)%ရဲ႕၀င္ ေငြဟာ အဆင္းရဲဆံုး (၁၀)%ရဲ႕၀င္ေငြထက္ (၁၂)ဆနီးပါး ျမင့္မားကြာဟေနပါတယ္။ တရုတ္အစိုးရဟာ
လူမႈေရးစနစ္ ေပါက္ကြဲ ဖို႔ လက္တကမ္း အေျခအေနမွာ ရွိပါတယ္။
မေပါက္ကြဲႏိုင္ေစဖို႔ တခုခု လုပ္ေပးရေတာ့မယ္လို႔ တရုတ္အစိုးရက သိေနပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင့္ ႏိုင္ငံျခား အရန္ေငြ အေမရိကန္ေဒၚလာ ကုေဋေပါင္း တသိန္းခြဲနီးပါးကို လ်ာထား ခ်က္ မျပည့္မီေသးတဲ့ လူမႈေရးက႑
မွာ ျမွင့္တင္သံုးစြဲဖို႔ ရွိေပမယ့္ အင္မတန္မွ ေႏွးေကြးေနပါေသးတယ္္။
လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့ ႏွစ္ပိုင္းအတြင္းမွာ တရုတ္လုပ္ ပစၥည္းေတြဟာ ေရရွည္မခံပဲ ပ်က္သြားတတ္တာ၊ လူကို အဆိပ္အေတာက္ ျဖစ္ေစၿပီး အႏၱရာယ္ ေပးႏိုင္တာေတြေၾကာင့္ တရုတ္လုပ္ ပစၥည္းေတြကို ႏိုင္ငံျခား
တိုင္းျပည္ေတြက သံုးစြဲဖို႔ ျငင္းဆန္လာခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။
ဒီလို ျဖစ္လာမႈအေပၚ တရုတ္ အာဏာပိုင္ေတြက အရည္အေသြး စံမီေအာင္ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ႏိုင္ဖို႔ ကုမၸဏီေတြကို တင္းတင္းၾကပ္ၾကပ္ စည္းကမ္း သတ္မွတ္ေပးပါတယ္။
တရုတ္ကုမၸဏီေတြဟာသူတို႔ရဲ႕ႏိုင္ငံျခားေစ်းကြက္ကို လက္လႊတ္ဆံုးရွံဳး မခံႏိုင္္ပါဘူး။အေကာင္းဆံုး ႀကိဳးစား ျပဳျပင္လာပါတယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ အဲဒီ တရုတ္ ကုမၸဏီေတြကပဲ ျပည္တြင္းမွာ ျပန္ေရာင္းတဲ့အခါက်ေတာ့ သူတို႔ႏိုင္ငံသား စားသံုး သူ
ေတြကို အဆိပ္အေတာက္ ျဖစ္ေစတာ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကို ထိခိုက္ပ်က္စီးေစတာမ်ဳိးလံုး၀ဂရုမစိုက္ပါ။
ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေနေပမဲ့ အက်ဳိးသက္ေရာက္တဲ့ ျပဳျပင္မႈေတြ ဘာမွ ရွိမေနပါဘူး။
ဆိုးက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္မႈ ထိမ္းမႏိုင္သိမ္းမရ မျဖစ္မျခင္း သက္ဆိုင္ ရာ တာ၀န္ရွိသူေတြ ကလဲ သူတို႔ မွာ
တာ၀န္ရွိတယ္လို႔ မယူဆပဲ ေနတတ္ၾကပါတယ္။
“အေရွ႕အာရွရဲ႕အနာဂတ္နဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ အေရးပါဆံုး ေမးခြန္းေတြ ေမးလာၿပီဆိုရင္ အဲဒီထဲက တခုကေတာ့ တရုတ္ရဲ႕ ႏိုင္ငံေရးစနစ္ဟာ ႏိုင္ငံတြင္းမွာ တျဖည္းျဖည္းခ်င္း ေျပာင္းလဲ တိုးတက္လာေနသလား ဆိုတာပဲ ျဖစ္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ တရုတ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ စီးပြားေရးဟာ ဒလေဟာကိုပဲ တိုးတက္လာတာနဲ႔အတူ ကမာၻ႔
အင္အားႀကီး ႏိုင္ငံအျဖစ္လည္း ထြက္ေပၚလာပါတယ္။ ဒါေတြဟာ အာဏာရွင္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီရဲ႕ ဦးေဆာင္မႈ
ေအာက္ကေန ေျပာင္းလဲသြားတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အမွန္မွာေတာ့ တရုတ္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီဆိုတာ ဒီမိုကေရစီက်က် ေရြးေကာက္တင္ေျမွာက္လို႔ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ပါတီ
မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ဒါ့အျပင္ မာ့က္ခ္စ္နဲ႔ လီနင္တို႔ရဲ႕ အေတြးအေခၚႏွစ္ရပ္ကို ေပါင္းစပ္ထားတဲ့ တရုတ္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္
ကိုယ္ပိုင္အေတြးအေခၚအေပၚမွာ အေျခခံလို႔လည္း မရႏိုင္ပါဘူး။
ဒါဆိုရင္ ဒီလို ပံုစံမ်ဳိးဟာ ေရရွည္ခံပါ့မလား။ စီးပြားေရး တိုးတက္မႈနဲ႔အတူ၊ စီးပြားေရး လြတ္လပ္ခြင့္ေတြ
ရွိလာတာနဲ႔အမွ် လူေနမႈ စရိုက္သဘာ၀ေတြလည္း အထိုက္အေလ်ာက္ ေျပာင္းလဲသြားမွာျဖစ္လို႔ အဲဒီလို
အေျပာင္းအလဲဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ တရုတ္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီဟာ မတည္မၿငိမ္ ျဖစ္လာမလား။ ဒါမွမဟုတ္လည္း
ေနာက္ဆံုးက်ေတာ့ ဒီမိုကေရစီႏိုင္ငံအျဖစ္ကို အဆင့္ဆင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲေပးရေတာ့မလားလို႔ ေမးစရာ ျဖစ္
ေန ပါတယ္။ ”လို႔ ေဆာင္းပါးရွင္ - Francis Fukuyama (Professor of international political economy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies)က For China, stability comes before democracy ဆိုတဲ့ေဆာင္းပါး( http://antidictatorship.wordpress.com/2008/01/13/for-china-stability-comes-before-democracy/ ) မွာေရးသားထားပါတယ္။
တရုတ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ျဖစ္ပ်က္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈမ်ားဟာ အိမ္နီးခ်င္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေပၚ အနည္းႏွင့္အမ်ား အက်ဳိးသက္ ေရာက္ေစႏိုင္ၿပီး ေဒသႏၱရ ႏိုင္ငံေရး (Geopolitics)ဆိုင္ရာ ဗဟုသုတအျဖစ္ျမန္မာ့ႏိုင္ငံေရးႏွင့္ယွဥ္ေတြးၿပီး မိတ္ေဆြတေယာက္ ေဖၚ၀ါ့တ္ လုပ္လာတဲ့ ဘီဘီစီက Michael Bristow ရဲ႕အျမင္ေဆာင္းပါးကိုလဲ မွ်ေ၀လိုက္ပါတယ္။
Chinese learn to live with reform
Thirty years ago, China's leader Deng Xiaoping launched a series of sweeping economic reforms. The BBC's Michael Bristow looks at how these momentous changes have affected ordinary people.Deng Xiaoping is credited with launching sweeping economic reforms.
For those who value fine dining, the Yuebin Restaurant, tucked away in a Beijing back alley, might not be their first choice. With its whitewashed walls and plain furniture, it is not much to look at. The food, too, is simple Beijing home-style cooking. But the restaurant is more important than it looks. Thirty years ago, China embarked on a reform programme that has transformed the country, and continues to do so today.
The Yuebin was Beijing's first privately-run restaurant to open after the late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping began his
revolutionary reforms. Deng's policy shift, called Reform and Opening Up, fundamentally changed the way the Chinese economy functions. Under Chairman Mao Zedong, everything was owned by the state, but the reforms have allowed private firms, like the Yuebin Restaurant, to flourish. The restaurant was opened by Guo Peiji and his wife, Liu Guixian, in 1980 in their small home. They still run the restaurant today.Guo Peiji and his wife opened Beijing's first privately run restaurant.
When they began, the couple had just a few tables and chairs and did their own cooking. They sold whatever they could buy at local markets. "On the first day we had 36 yuan ($5.20, £3.60) to buy some vegetables and duck. We made a profit of around 50 yuan," said Mr Guo, now 75.
'Capitalist roaders'
When the restaurant first opened, not everyone welcomed the move. In the Cultural Revolution, a chaotic political campaign that virtually paralysed the country from 1966-76, private businesses were not allowed. Anyone accused of being a "capitalist roader" could be thrown in prison - or face a worse fate. "Some people said the restaurant was capitalism. But after a year, many of those who said that themselves started selling things," recalled Mr Guo.
The results of China's economic reforms have been amazing. In just a few years, tens of millions of people have been able to escape poverty. According to the World Bank, the average income was just $293 in 1985. But in 2006, that figure had risen to $2,025.
'Capitalist roaders'
When the restaurant first opened, not everyone welcomed the move. In the Cultural Revolution, a chaotic political campaign that virtually paralysed the country from 1966-76, private businesses were not allowed. Anyone accused of being a "capitalist roader" could be thrown in prison - or face a worse fate. "Some people said the restaurant was capitalism. But after a year, many of those who said that themselves started selling things," recalled Mr Guo.
The results of China's economic reforms have been amazing. In just a few years, tens of millions of people have been able to escape poverty. According to the World Bank, the average income was just $293 in 1985. But in 2006, that figure had risen to $2,025.
Society has also loosened up. Chinese people have now more freedom to choose such things as where to live, what to wear and which career to pursue. But despite the obvious material benefits reform has brought, some people are still nostalgic about a past that often seemed more secure. The reforms have swept away many free state benefits, covering health and education, that people had come to expect - and corruption now seems to plague all sectors of society. Only slowly is the government rebuilding a social security safety net.
"Suddenly people have discovered that they have to worry a lot about their children's education and their employment," said Chinese journalist Li Xing. "They've discovered that medical bills have shot up, so they fear that they don't have enough to pay for them."
“Rising inequality”
And although reforms have brought benefits to almost everyone, not everyone has benefited equally. China's economic miracle has been partly built on the backs of migrant workers, of which the government says there are currently 210 million.
These are farmers who leave their fields to work in the cities. But the children of this migrant population do not have the right to a free education when they move. Special schools have been set up in most cities, and although they receive a little support from city governments, these schools mostly rely on the fees paid by their pupils. "It's my dream to see migrant children attend the same schools as ordinary city kids," said Zhang Gezhen, headmaster of one such school, in a shabby suburb of Beijing.
And although reforms have brought benefits to almost everyone, not everyone has benefited equally. China's economic miracle has been partly built on the backs of migrant workers, of which the government says there are currently 210 million.
These are farmers who leave their fields to work in the cities. But the children of this migrant population do not have the right to a free education when they move. Special schools have been set up in most cities, and although they receive a little support from city governments, these schools mostly rely on the fees paid by their pupils. "It's my dream to see migrant children attend the same schools as ordinary city kids," said Zhang Gezhen, headmaster of one such school, in a shabby suburb of Beijing.
Most cities have special schools for migrant workers' children.
Providing all Chinese people with adequate benefits is going to be a key challenge over the next few years, according to World Bank President Robert Zoellick - and Chinese people will not want to wait forever to get them. "The 30 years of success have raised expectations in China," he told the BBC.
"There is goodwill and pride but, at the same time, we have a new generation coming up and they will be impatient." But working out what people want from future reforms will not be easy in a country that is still run by one party that does not have to test its popularity at the polls.
There have been enormous social and economic changes in China over the last three decades, but few political reforms - and that could be a problem. "The decision-making process is a consensual group process, but [China's leaders] are very attentive to the idea that they have to be responsive to public moods," said the World Bank president.
"They know that for all they have accomplished and all the confidence they have won, this is a serious challenge."
December 2008.
"There is goodwill and pride but, at the same time, we have a new generation coming up and they will be impatient." But working out what people want from future reforms will not be easy in a country that is still run by one party that does not have to test its popularity at the polls.
There have been enormous social and economic changes in China over the last three decades, but few political reforms - and that could be a problem. "The decision-making process is a consensual group process, but [China's leaders] are very attentive to the idea that they have to be responsive to public moods," said the World Bank president.
"They know that for all they have accomplished and all the confidence they have won, this is a serious challenge."
December 2008.
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